Niagara Movement

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The Niagara Movement was founded in 1905, by a group of 32 African American men, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter, who called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood. Their first meeting took place at Niagara Falls from July 11 until 14, 1905. The movement renounced Booker T. Washington's accommodation policies set forth in his "Atlanta Compromise" speech which he delivered in 1895. Their second meeting was held at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, the site of John Brown's raid.

The Niagara Movement eventually became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.