Numerical aperture (microscopy)

In microscopy, the numerical aperture, A_N, of an objective is:

where I is the index of refraction of the medium in which the lens is working (1.0 for air, up to 1.56 for oils), and a is the angular aperture of the lens. It is basically a measure of the diameter of the aperture compared to the focal length. In photography, the f-number expresses the same relationship.