Qualitative organic analysis

Before the introduction of spectroscopy, the following was the classical general scheme for Qualitative Organic Analysis - the identification of organic compounds.

Contents

1 Introductory 1.1 Derivatives 1.2 Determination of the Melting point 1.3 Determination of the Boiling point 2 Detection of the Elements 2.1 Beilstein’s test for halogens 2.2 Test for nitrogen 2.3 Test for sulfur 2.4 Test for halogens 2.5 Test for phosphorus and arsenic 2.6 The alkali-zinc test for nitrogen 3 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 3.1 Group I - Preliminary examination 3.2 Group I - Class I - Metallic salts of Acids and Phenols 3.3 Group I - Class II - Carbohydrates, Glycosides 3.4 Group I - Class III - Aldehydes, Ketones, some Quinones etc 3.5 Group I - Class IV - Quinones 3.6 Group I - Class V - Carboxylic Acids, Acid Anhydrides, easily hydrolysable Esters 3.7 Group I - Class VI - Phenols 3.8 Group I - Class VII - Esters, Lactones 3.9 Group I - Class VIII - Alcohols 3.10 Group I - Class IX - Ethers, Cyclic Ethers 3.11 Group I - Class X - Hydrocarbons 4 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 4.1 Group II - Preliminary Examination 4.2 Group II - Class I - Ammonium salts, Aldehyde Ammonias 4.3 Group II - Class II - Derivatives of Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine 4.4 Group II - Class III - Primary Aliphatic Amines etc, Amides including Urea etc etc 4.5 Group II - Class IV - Secondary Amines, Primary Aromatic Amines etc 4.6 Group II - Class V - [[Nitro-Paraffin]s 4.7 Group II - Class VI - Nitroso-Compounds 4.8 Group II - Class VII - Tertiary Amines, Heterocyclic Bases 4.9 Group II - Class VIII - Alkyl Nitrites, Alkyl Nitrates 4.10 Group II - Class IX - Purines 4.11 Group II - Class X - Nitriles (Cyanides) 4.12 Group II - Class XI - Imides 4.13 Group II - Class XII - Substituted Amides 4.14 Group II - Class XIII - Aromatic (Tertiary) Nitro-Compounds, Hydrazo-, Azo- and Azoxy-Compounds 4.15 Group II - Class XIV - Alkaloids 5 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 5.1 Group III - Preliminary Examination 5.2 Group III - Class I - Bisulfite Compounds of Aldehydes and Ketones etc 5.3 Group III - Class II - Thioalcohols, Thiophenols 5.4 Group III - Class III - Thio-Ethers (Sulfides 5.5 Group III - Class IV - Alkyl Sulfuric Acids and their salts and esters 5.6 Group III - Class V - Alkyl Esters of Sulfonic Acids 5.7 Group III - Class VI - Sulfonic and Sulfinic And their salts, Thiophene etc 5.8 Group III - Class VII - Thio-acids and Thiol-Acids 5.9 Group III - Class VIII - Aryl esters of Sulfonic Acids 5.10 Group III - Class IX - Sulfones 5.11 Group III - Class X - Xanthates and Di-Alkyl Dithiocarbamates 6 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 6.1 Group IV - Preliminary Examination 6.2 Group IV - Class I - Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbons 6.3 Group IV - Class II - Carboxylic Acid Halides, Alkyl Chloroformates, Aliphatic a-Halogen-Substituted Ethers 6.4 Group IV - Class III - Other Aromatic Halogen Compounds 6.5 Group IV - Class IV - Other Aliphatic Halogen-Substituted Compounds 7 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 7.1 Group V - Preliminary Examination 7.2 Group V - Class I - Sulfates of Organic Bases etc 7.3 Group V - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Sulfonic Acids etc 7.4 Group V - Class III - Thiourea, Thioamides etc 7.5 Group V - Class IV - Isothiocyanates 7.6 Group V - Class V - Salts and Esters of Thiocyanic Acid 7.7 Group V - Class VI - Simple Sulfonamides 7.8 Group V - Class VII - Aminosulfonic Acids and their Salts 7.9 Group V - Class VIII - Nitrosulfonic Acids and their Salts 7.10 Group V - Class IX - Substituted Sulfonamides 8 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 8.1 Group VI - Preliminary Examination 8.2 Group VI - Class I - Hydrohalides of Organic Bases etc, etc, Quaternary Ammonium Halides 8.3 Group VI - Classes II and III - Ammonium salts and Amides of Halogen-Substituted Acids, Halogen-Substituted Amines, Amides, Nitriles and Nitro-Compounds 9 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 9.1 Group VII - Preliminary Examination 9.2 Group VII - Class I - Bisulfites of Halogen-Substituted Aldehydes and Ketones 9.3 Group VII - Class II - Sulfonium Halides 9.4 Group VII - Class III - Sulfonyl Halides 9.5 Group VII - Class IV - Halogen-Substituted Thiophenols and Mercaptans 9.6 Group VII - Class V - Nuclear Halogen-Substituted Sulfonic Acids etc 10 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal 10.1 Group VIII - Preliminary Examination 10.2 Group VIII - Class I - Sulfates of Halogen-Substituted Amines 10.3 Group VIII - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Halogen-Substituted Sulfonic Acids 10.4 Group VIII - Class III - N-Chlorosulfonamides (Chloramines) 10.5 Group VIII - Class IV - Acid Chlorides of Nitrosulfonic Acids 10.6 Group VIII - Class V - Sulfonyl Derivatives of Halogen-Substituted Amines 11 Miscellaneous Compounds 11.1 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and possibly Oxygen 11.2 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Arsenic 11.3 Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Arsenic 12 Mixtures of Organic Compounds

Introductory

Derivatives

Determination of the Melting point

Determination of the Boiling point

Detection of the Elements

Beilstein’s test for halogens

Test for nitrogen

Test for sulfur

Test for halogens

Test for phosphorus and arsenic

The alkali-zinc test for nitrogen

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group I - Preliminary examination

Group I - Class I - Metallic salts of Acids and Phenols

Group I - Class II - Carbohydrates, Glycosides

Group I - Class III - Aldehydes, Ketones, some Quinones etc

Group I - Class IV - Quinones

Group I - Class V - Carboxylic Acids , Acid Anhydrides, easily hydrolysable Esters

Group I - Class VI - Phenols

Group I - Class VII - Esters, Lactones

Group I - Class VIII - Alcohols

Group I - Class IX - Ethers, Cyclic Ethers

Group I - Class X - Hydrocarbons

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group II - Preliminary Examination

Group II - Class I - Ammonium salts, Aldehyde Ammonias

Group II - Class II - Derivatives of Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine

Group II - Class III - Primary Aliphatic Amines etc, Amides including Urea etc etc

Group II - Class IV - Secondary Amines, Primary Aromatic Amines etc

Group II - Class V - [[Nitro-Paraffin]s

Group II - Class VI - Nitroso-Compounds

Group II - Class VII - Tertiary Amines, Heterocyclic Bases

Group II - Class VIII - Alkyl Nitrites, Alkyl Nitrates

Group II - Class IX - Purines

Group II - Class X - Nitriles (Cyanides)

Group II - Class XI - Imides

Group II - Class XII - Substituted Amides

Group II - Class XIII - Aromatic (Tertiary) Nitro-Compounds , Hydrazo-, Azo- and Azoxy-Compounds

Group II - Class XIV - Alkaloids

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group III - Preliminary Examination

Group III - Class I - Bisulfite Compounds of Aldehydes and Ketones etc

Group III - Class II - Thioalcohols , Thiophenols

Group III - Class III - Thio-Ethers (Sulfides

Group III - Class IV - Alkyl Sulfuric Acids and their salts and esters

Group III - Class V - Alkyl Esters of Sulfonic Acids

Group III - Class VI - Sulfonic and Sulfinic And their salts, Thiophene etc

Group III - Class VII - Thio-acids and Thiol-Acids

Group III - Class VIII - Aryl esters of Sulfonic Acids

Group III - Class IX - Sulfones

Group III - Class X - Xanthates and Di-Alkyl Dithiocarbamates

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group IV - Preliminary Examination

Group IV - Class I - Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbons

Group IV - Class II - Carboxylic Acid Halides, Alkyl Chloroformates, Aliphatic a-Halogen-Substituted Ethers

Group IV - Class III - Other Aromatic Halogen Compounds

Group IV - Class IV - Other Aliphatic Halogen-Substituted Compounds

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group V - Preliminary Examination

Group V - Class I - Sulfates of Organic Bases etc

Group V - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Sulfonic Acids etc

Group V - Class III - Thiourea, Thioamides etc

Group V - Class IV - Isothiocyanates

Group V - Class V - Salts and Esters of Thiocyanic Acid

Group V - Class VI - Simple Sulfonamides

Group V - Class VII - Aminosulfonic Acids and their Salts

Group V - Class VIII - Nitrosulfonic Acids and their Salts

Group V - Class IX - Substituted Sulfonamides

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group VI - Preliminary Examination

Group VI - Class I - Hydrohalides of Organic Bases etc, etc, Quaternary Ammonium Halides

Group VI - Classes II and III - Ammonium salts and Amides of Halogen-Substituted Acids, Halogen-Substituted Amines, Amides, Nitriles and Nitro-Compounds

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group VII - Preliminary Examination

Group VII - Class I - Bisulfites of Halogen-Substituted Aldehydes and Ketones

Group VII - Class II - Sulfonium Halides

Group VII - Class III - Sulfonyl Halides

Group VII - Class IV - Halogen-Substituted Thiophenols and Mercaptans

Group VII - Class V - Nuclear Halogen-Substituted Sulfonic Acids etc

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal

Group VIII - Preliminary Examination

Group VIII - Class I - Sulfates of Halogen-Substituted Amines

Group VIII - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Halogen-Substituted Sulfonic Acids

Group VIII - Class III - N-Chlorosulfonamides (Chloramines)

Group VIII - Class IV - Acid Chlorides of Nitrosulfonic Acids

Group VIII - Class V - Sulfonyl Derivatives of Halogen-Substituted Amines

Miscellaneous Compounds

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and possibly Oxygen

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Arsenic

Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Arsenic

Mixtures of Organic Compounds

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Source: A Scheme of Qualitative Organic Analysis F. J. Smith and Emlyn Jones 1948