Shimazu Yoshihiro

Shimazu Yoshihiro (島津義弘; August 21, 1535-August 30, 1619) is the second son of Shimazu Takahisa and younger brother of Shimazu Yoshihisa. It had traditionally been believed that he became seventeenth head of Shimazu clan after Yoshihisa but it is currently believed that he let Yoshihisa keep his position.

He was a skilled general and the victory aganist Ito clan at the battle of Kigasakihara on 1572 is counted as one of his many victories. He contributed greatly to the unification of Kyushu. On 1587, facing Toyotomi Hideyoshi's troop that seeked to pacify Kyushu, Yoshihiro pressed for a war even after his brother and the head of clan Yoshihisa surrendered. After Yoshihisa repeatedly asked for the surrender, Yoshihiro finally did surrender. After Yoshihisa became a Buddhist monk, it had been believed that he became the head of the clan but the real power remained in Yoshihisa's hands.

He had been a willing and a skillful general for Hideyoshi. On both 1592 and 1597 of Seven-Year War, Yoshihiro set his foot in Korean peninsula and successfully carried out series of battles. On 1597, working together with Todo Takatora , Yoshihiro defeated Won Gyun 's navy killing the commander Won Gyun in the battle. At the battle of 泗川 in 1598, facing Ming army counting 37,000, Yoshihiro defeated them with only 7,000 troop and killed several thousands in the battle. Shimazu troop under Yoshihiro was called "鬼石曼子" by Ming. On the final battle of the war, battle of Noryang when the truce had already been signed, Yoshihiro managed to fatally wound Yi Sun-sin and to retreat back to Japan.

For the Battle of Sekigahara on 1600, Yoshihiro was supposed to take the side of Tokugawa Ieyasu, but he crushed against Torii Mototada on arriving for a rescue at Fushimi Castle and after being humiliated, took the side of Ishida Mitsunari instead. Yet Yoshihiro could not get along with Mitsunari as well, who did not listen to any of Yoshihiro's plan including surprise night attack on the day before the actual battle. On the day of the battle, Yoshihiro and his troop of 1500 simply held ground and did not fight at all. After rest of Mitsunari's side was wiped out, Yoshihiro was stranded in at least 30,000 of Ieyasu's troop. Vastly outnumbered, Yoshihiro tried to make a charge against Ieyasu himself but after Shimazu Toyohisa demanded that he not kill himself over a meaningless battle, Yoshihiro instead chose to charge straight through Ieyasu's troop to make an exit at the other side. By having his troop make a fighting retreat called Sutegakari(捨て懸かり) where until certain number of men died holding a position and repelling an attack, the main body of army fought as well. Toyohisa and the bulk of troop died, but the charge and the retreat was a success and fatally wounded Ii Naomasa. After beating back the chase, he picked up his wife at Sumiyoshi of Settsu Province and returned to Satsuma Province by ships.

After recognizing why and how Yoshihiro behaved on the battle field, Ieyasu had Shimazu clan retain its domain and let Yoshihiro's son Shimazu Tadatsune succeed him. Yoshihiro retired to Sakurajima and took up teaching younger generations. He died on 1619 and several of his retainers who had fought along him followed him by committing suicide.

Yoshihiro was essential to Shimazu clan and both Ieyasu and Hideyoshi tried to divide the clan by treating Yoshihiro well, but treating the elder brother Yoshihisa badly which did not succeed. He was a devoted Buddhist, and built a monument for enemy troops during Seven-Year War.