Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Note that this list is mainly about the development of knowledge, but also about some supernovae taking place. For a separate list of the latter, see the section "Notable supernovae" in the article supernova.

• 1006 - The brightest (magnitude -9) recorded supernova is observed in the constellation of Lupus
• 1054 - Chinese and American Indian astronomers observe the Crab supernova explosion,
• 1572 - Tycho Brahe discovers his supernova in Cassiopeia,
• 1604 - Johannes Kepler's supernova in Serpens is observed,
• 1862 - Alvan Clark observes Sirius B,
• 1866 - William Huggins studies the spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen,
• 1885 - A supernova is observed in the Andromeda Galaxy leading to recognition of supernovae as a distinct class of novae
• 1914 - Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B,
• 1926 - Ralph Fowler uses Fermi-Dirac statistics to explain white dwarf stars,
• 1930 - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar discovers the white dwarf maximum mass limit,
• 1933 - Fritz Zwicky and Walter Baade propose the neutron star idea and suggest that supernovae might be created by the collapse of normal stars to neutron stars---they also point out that such events can explain the cosmic ray background,
• 1939 - Robert Oppenheimer and George Volkoff calculate the first neutron star models,
• 1942 - J.J.L. Duyvendak, Nicholas Mayall , and Jan Oort deduce that the Crab Nebula is a remnant of the 1054 supernova observed by Chinese astronomers,
• 1958 - Evry Schatzman , Kent Harrison , Masami Wakano , and John Wheeler show that white dwarfs are unstable to inverse beta decay,
• 1962 - Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky , Frank Paolini , and Bruno Rossi discover Sco X-1,
• 1967 - Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish discover radio pulses from a pulsar,
• 1967 - J.R. Harries, Ken McCracken , R.J. Francey, and A.G. Fenton discover the first X-ray transient (Cen X-2),
• 1968 - Thomas Gold proposes that pulsars are rotating neutron stars,
• 1969 - David Staelin , E.C. Reifenstein, William Cocke, Mike Disney, and Donald Taylor discover the Crab Nebula pulsar thus connecting supernovae, neutron stars, and pulsars,
• 1971 - Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Ed Kellogg , R. Levinson, E. Schreier, and H. Tananbaum discover 4.8 second X-ray pulsations from Cen X-3,
• 1974 - Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor discover the binary pulsar PSR1913+16,
• 1977 - Kip Thorne and Anna Zytkow present a detailed analysis of Thorne-Zytkow objects,
• 1982 - Donald Backer , Shrinivas Kulkarni , Carl Heiles , Michael Davis , and Miller Goss discover the millisecond pulsar PSR1937+214,
• 1985 - Michiel van der Klis discovers 30 Hz quasi-periodic oscillations in GX 5-1,
• 1987 - Ian Shelton discovers Supernova 1987a in the Large Magellanic Cloud ...