User:Giano/Blen Pal

Blenheim Palace is a large and monumental country house situated in Oxfordshire, England. It is the only non episcopal country house, in England, to hold the title "palace". The Palace, one of England's greatest houses in every sense of the word, was built between 1705 and circa 1722. Its construction was originally intended to be a gift to the 1st Duke of Marlborough from a grateful nation in return for military triumph against the French. However, it soon became the subject of political infighting which led to Marlborough's exile, the fall from power of his Duchess, and the irreparable damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh. Architectural appreciation of the palace's baroque style is as divided today as it was in the 1720s. It is unique as being both family home,mausoleum and national monument.

The plaque, giving a sanitised history of the palace's construction, above the massive East gate reads:

Under the auspices of a munificent sovereign this house was built for John Duke of Marlborough and his Duchess Sarah, by Sir J Vanbrugh between the years 1705 and 1722. And the Royal Manor of Woodstock, together with a grant of £240,000 towards the building of Blenheim, was given by Her Majesty Queen Anne and confirmed by act of parliament.

This is only a fraction of the true the story.

Contents

1 The Churchills 2 The Manor of Woodstock 3 Architect 4 Funding the construction 5 Design and architecture 6 Interior 7 The Park and gardens 8 Failing fortunes 9 The 9th Duke of Marlborough 10 Blenheim today 11 Blenheim on film 12 References 13 See also 14 Footnotes 15 External links

The Churchills

] John Churchill, 1st. Duke of Marlborough, was born in Devon, his family though with aristocratic relations, were more gentry than high ranking members of the upper echelons of 18th century society. On joining the British army in 1667 he first served in Tangeres , he was then sent to assist Louis XIV in his Dutch wars where he was promoted to colonel. In 1678 he married Sarah Jennings, and seven years later, on the accession of King James I was elevated to Baron Churchill . He was then employed with putting down the Monmouth rebellion, on the accession of William of Orange Churchill was further elevated to Earl of Marlborough, a title which had become extant in his mother's family. During the War of the Spanish succession he gained military reknown. Beginning in 1702 he began a series of military triumphs: Blenheim in 1704; Ramillies in 1706; Oudenarde in 1708, and Malplaquet in 1709. Rendering England safe from the forces of Louis XIV he became a national hero. Loaded with honours including the Dukedom of Marlborough. It was said at the time that together with his wife, Queen Anne's closest friend and confidante the Marlborough was virtually ruling the country. It is therefore not surprising perhaps that Queen Anne decided that the ultimate honour on the hero would be the gift of a great palace. Marlborough was given the former royal manor of Woodstock to site the new palace and Parliament voted a substantial some of money towards its creation.

Marlborough's wife the former Sarah Jennings was by all accounts a difficult woman, capable of great charm she had befriended the young Princess Anne,later when the princess had become Queen the Duchess of Marlborough as her Mistress of the Robes exerted great influence over the Queen both on a personal and political level. The relationship between Queen and Duchess later became strained and fraught and following their final quarrel in 17??, the money for the construction of Blenheim ceased, and the Marlborough's were forced into exile abroad until they returned the day after the Queen's death.

The Manor of Woodstock

The estate given by the nation to Marlborough for the new palace was the manor of Woodstock, sometimes called the Palace of Woodstock had been a royal demesne in reality little more than a hunting box. Legend has obscured the manor's origins. King Henry I enclosed the park to contain the deer. Henry II housed his mistress Rosamund Clifford (sometimes known as "Fair Rosamund") there in a "bower and labyrinth"; a spring where she is said to have bathed remains, named after her. It seems the unostentatious hunting lodge was rebuilt many times, and had an uneventful history until Elizabeth I, before her succession, was imprisoned there by her sister between 1554 and 1555. Elizabeth had been implicated in the Wyatt plot . Elizabeth's imprisonment at Woodstock was short, and the manor remained in obscurity until bombarded and ruined by Cromwell's troops during the Civil War. When the park was being relanscaped as a setting for the palace the 1st Duchess wanted the historic ruins demolished; Vanbrugh, an early conservationist, wanted them restored and made into a landscape feature. The Duchess as so often in her disputes with her architect won the day and the remains of the manor were swept away.

Architect

The architect selected for the ambitious project was a controversial one. The Duchess was known to favour Sir Christopher Wren, famous for St Paul's Cathedral and many other national; buildings. The Duke however, following a chance meeting at a play house, is supposed to have commissioned Sir John Vanbrugh. Vanbrugh, a popular dramatist was an untrained architect, who usually worked in conjunction with the trained and practical Nicholas Hawksmoor. The duo had recently completed the first stages of the baroque Castle Howard. This huge Yorkshire mansion was one one of England's first houses in the flamboyant European baroque style. Marlborough had obviously been impressed by this grandiose pile and wished for something similar at Woodstock.

Blenheim was not to provide Vanbrugh with the architectural plaudits he imagined, the fighting over funding, led to accusations of extravagance and impracticality of design, in these charges levelled by the Whig factions in power, he found no defender in the Duchess of Marlborough. Having been foiled in her wish to employ Wren , she leveled criticism at Vanbrugh on every level from design to taste. In part their problems arose from what was demanded of the architect, the nation (who it was then assumed were paying the bills) wanted a monument, but the Duchess wanted not only a fitting tribute to her husband, but also a comfortable home, these two requirements were not compatible in 18th century architecture. Finally, in the early days of the building the Duke was frequently away on his military campaigns, and it was left to the Duchess to negotiate with Vanbrugh, more aware than her husband of the precarious state of the financial aid they were receiving, she attempted to kerb Vanbrugh's grandiose ideas, probably in an arrogant fashion (as was her want) rather than explain the true reasons behind her frugality.

Following their final altercation Vanbrugh was banned from the site. In 1719, while the Duchess was away, Vanbrugh viewed the palace in secret. However, when he and his wife, with the Earl of Carlisle, visited the completed Blenheim as members of the viewing public in 1725, they were refused admission to even enter the park. The palace had been completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor his friend and architectural associate.

Vanbrugh's severe massed baroque used at Blenheim, never truly caught the public imagination, and was quickly superseded by the revival of the Palladian style. Vanbrugh's reputation was irreparably damaged, he received no further truly great public commissions. For his final design Seaton Delaval Hall, he used a refined version of the baroque employed at Blenheim, this was hailed as his masterpiece. He died shortly before its completion.

Funding the construction

The precise responsibility for the funding of the new palace has always been a debatable subject, unresolved to this day. That a grateful nation led by its Queen wished and intended to give their national hero a suitable home is beyond doubt, but the exact size and nature of that house is questionable. A warrant signed by the Earl of Godolphin, dated 1705, the parliamentary treasurer, appointed Vanbrugh as architect, and outlined his remit. Sadly, nowhere did this warrant mention Queen, or Crown. This error provided the escape clause for the state when the costs and political infighting escalated. It is interesting to note that the palace as a reward was mooted within months of the Battle of Blenheim, at a time when Marlborough was still to further his many victories on behalf of the country.

The Duke of Marlborough contributed £60,000 to the initial cost, when work commenced on 1705 which, supplemented by Parliament, should have built a monumental house. Parliament voted funds for the building of Blenheim, but no exact sum was mentioned or provision for inflation or "over budget" expenses. Almost from the outset, funds were spasmodic. Queen Anne paid some of them, but with growing reluctance and lapses, following her frequent altercations with the Duchess. After their final argument in 1712, all state money ceased and work came to a halt. £220,000 had already been spent and £45,000 was owing to workmen. The Marlboroughs were forced into exile on the continent, and did not return until after the Queen death in 1714.

On their return the Duke and Duchess returned to favour at court The 64-year-old Duke now decided to complete the project at his own expense. In 1716 work re-started, but the project relied completely upon the limited means of the Duke himself. Harmony on the building site was to short lived in 1717 the Duke suffered a severe stroke, and the thrifty Duchess took control. The Duchess blamed Vanbrugh entirely for the growing costs and extravagance of the palace, the design of which she had never liked. Following a meeting with the Duchess, Vanbrugh left the building site in a rage, insisting that the new masons, carpenters and craftsmen, brought in by the Duchess, were inferior to those he had employed. The master craftsmen he had patronised, however, such as Grinling Gibbons, refused to work for the lower rates paid by the Marlboroughs. The craftsmen brought in by the Duchess, under the guidance of furniture designer James Moore, and Vanbrugh's assistant architect Hawksmoor, completed the work in perfect imitation of the greater masters, so perhaps there was fault and intransigence on both sides in this famed argument. Following the Duke's death in 1722, completion of the Palace became the Duchess's driving ambition. Vanbrugh's assistant Hawksmoor was recalled, he designed the "Arch of Triumph" entrance to the park from Woodstock, completed the interior design of the library, the ceilinhs of many of the stat rooms, and other details in numerous other minor rooms, and various outbuildings. Cutting rates of pay to workmen, and using lower quality materials in unobtrusive places, the Duchess finally completed the great house as a tribute to her late husband in 1722.

Design and architecture

The plan of Blenheim palace is basically that of a large central rectangular block, (see plan) containing behind the southern facade the principal state apartments , on the east side are the suites of private apartments of the Duke and Duchess, on the west the entire length is the long gallery originally conceived a as picture gallery. The central block is then flanked by two further service blocks around large courtyards. (not shown on the plan) The east court contains the kitchens, laundry and other domestic offices; and the west court adjacent to the chapel the stables and indoor riding school. The three blocks together form the "Great Court" designed to overpower the visitor arriving at the palace. Pilasters and pillars abound, while from the roofs, themselves resembling those of a small town, great statues in the renaissance manner of St Peter's in Rome gaze down on the, rendered inconsequential, visitor below. Other assorted statuary in the guise of martial trophies, and the English lion savaging the French hen also decorate the lower roofs. Many of these are by such masters as Grinling Gibbons.

In the design of great 18th century houses comfort and convenience was subservient to magnificence and this is certainly the case at Blenheim. This magnificence over creature comfort is heightened as the architect's brief was to create not only a home but a national monument to reflect the splendour and power of the nation. In order to create this monumental effect Vanbrugh chose to design in a severe form of baroque, using great masses of stone to imitate strength and create shadow as decoration and mysterious awe. The solid and huge entrance portico on the north front resembles more the entrance to a pantheon than a family home. Vanbrugh also liked to employ what he called his "castle air" this he achieved by placing a low tower at each corner of the central block, the towers were then crowned with vast belvederes of massed stone decorated with curious finials (disguising the chimneys). Coincidentally these towers which hint at the pylons of an Egyptian temple further add to the heroic pantheonesque atmosphere of the building.

There are two approaches to the palaces grand entrance, one from the long straight drive through wrought iron gates directly into the Great Court, the other, equally, if not more, impressive betrays Vanbrugh's true vision, the Palace as a bastion or strong citadel, the true monument and home to a great warrior. Piercing the windowless, city like, curtain wall of the east court is the great East Gate, a monumental triumphal arch, more Egyptian in design than Roman, its solid walls are cunningly tapered to create an illusion of even greater height (confounding those who accuse Vanbrugh of impracticality this gate is also the palace's water tower) Through the arch of the gate, one views across the courtyard a second equally massive gate, that beneath the clock tower ⁽²⁾, , through this, rather like to the sanctuary of a temple. one glimpse the Great Court. In this way Vanbrugh is giving even greater, almost God like, importance to the areas of the palace occupied by the great Duke himself.

This view of the Duke as an omnipotent being is also reflected in the interior design of the palace, and indeed its axis to certain features in the park. When the Duke dined in state in his place of honour in the great saloon, he was the climax of a great procession of architectural mass aggrandising him rather like a proscenium. The line of celebration and honour of his victorious life began with the great column of victory surmounted by his statue and detailing his triumphs, the next point on the great axis, planted with trees in the position of troops, was the epic Roman style bridge. The the approach continues through the great portico into the hall - its ceiling painted by Thornhill with the Duke's apotheosis, on under a great triumphal arch, through the huge marble door-case with the Duke's marble effigy above it (bearing the ducal plaudit "Nor could Agustus better calm mankind"), and into the immensely grand painted saloon where the Duke was to have sat enthroned.

The Duke would have sat with his back to the marble bust of his vanquished foe Louis XIV, positioned high above the south portico, here the defeated King was forced to look down on the great parterre and spoils of his conqueror (rather in the same way as decapitated heads were displayed a generation earlier). Sadly the Duke did not live long enough to view this majestic tribute realised, and sit enthroned in its splendour. The duke and duchess moved into their appartments at the palace, but the entirety was not completed until after the duke's death.

The design for the chapel was altered by the Marlborough's friend the Earl of Godolphin, thus the high altar is placed in defiance of convention against the west wall, the dominating feature of the chapel is the large tomb and sarcophagus of the first Duke designed by William Kent and carved by Rysbrack commissioned by the Duchess in 1730. Statues of the Duke and Duchess depicted as Ceasar and Ceasarina adorn the great sarcophagus. In bass relief at the base of the tomb the Duchess had depicted the surrender of Marshal Tallard . The theme throughout the palace of honouring the Duke survived through to the final completion of his tomb. On the tomb's completion the Duke's coffin was returned to Blenheim from Westminster Abbey. Successive Dukes and their wives are interred in the vault beneath the chapel. Thus Blenheim did indeed become the Duke's pantheon.

Interior

The internal layout of the rooms of the central block at Blenheim was defined by court etiquette of the day. State apartments were designed as an axis of rooms of increasing importance, and public use leading to the chief room. Blenheim, like the most important houses, has two sets of state apartments mirroring each other. The grandest most public and important was the central saloon ("B" on the plan) which served as the communal state dining room. Either side of the saloon are a suite of state apartments, decreasing in importance but increasing in privacy, the first room ("C") would have been an audience chamber for receiving important guests, the next room ("L") a private withdrawing room, the next room ("M") would have been the bedroom of the occupier if the suite, thus the most private. One of the small rooms between the bedroom and the internal courtyard was intended as as dressing room. This arrangement is reflected on the other side of the saloon. the state apartments were intended only for use by the most important guests such as a visiting sovereign. On the left (east) side of the plan either side of the bow room (marked "O") can be seen a smaller, but near identical layout of rooms, these were the suites of the Duke and Duchess themselves. Thus the bow room coresponds exactly to the saloon in terms of importance to the two smaller suites.

Blenheim Palace was designed with all principal and secondary rooms on the piano nobile, thus there is no great staircase of state, anyone worthy of such state would have no cause to leave the piano nobile. If Blenheim does have a grand staircase, then it is the series of steps in the Great Court which lead to the North Portico. There are staircases of various sizes and grandeur in the central block, but none are designed on the same scale of magnificence as the palace. James Thornhill painted the ceiling of the hall in 1716, it depicts Marlborough kneeling to Britannia and proffering a map of the Battle of Blenheim. The hall is 67ft high, a remarkable for its stone carvings by Gibbons, yet in spite of its immense grandeur it is merely a vast anti-room to the saloon.

The saloon was too to have been painted by Thornhill, but the Duchess suspected him of overcharging, so the commission was given to Louis Laguerre. This room is entirely muralled with details of Marlborough's heroic exploits, although among the many characters depicted are friends and servants of the Marlborough's. Among them, the Duke's chaplain, Dean Jone's another enemy of the Duchess, although she tolerated him in the household because he could play a good hand at cards. Of the three marble door-cases in the room displaying the Duke's crest as a prince of the Holy Roman Empire, only one is by Gibbons, the other two were copied indistinguishably by the Duchess's cheaper craftsmen.

The third remarkable room is the long library, (H) 180 FT long and was intended as a picture gallery. The ceiling has saucer domes , which were to have been painted by Thornhill, had the Duchess not upset him. The palace, and in particular this room was furnished with the many valuable artefacts the Duke had been given, or sequestered as the spoils of war, including a fine art collection. Here in the library, rewriting history in her own indominatable style, the Duchess set up a larger than life statue of Queen Anne, its base recording their friendship.

From the northern end of the library access is obtained to the raised colonnade which leads to the chapel (H2). The chapel is perfectly balanced on the eastern side of the palace by the vaulted kitchen, this symmetrical balancing and equal weight given to both spiritual and physical nourishment would no doubt have appealed to Vanbrugh's reknowned sense of humour, if not the Duchess's. The distance of the kitchen from even the private dining room ("O" on the plan) was obviously of no consideration, hot food being of less importance than having to inhale the odour of cooking and proximity of servants.

The Park and gardens

Blenheim sits in the centre of a large undulating park, when Vanbrugh first cast his eyes over it in 1704 he immediately conceived a typically grandiose plan, through the park trickled the small River Glyme , Vanbrugh envisaged this marshy brook traversed by the "....finest bridge in Europe" thus ignoring the second opinion offered by sir Christopher Wren the marsh was channelled into three small canal like streams and across it rose a bridge of huge proportions, so large it was reported to contain some 30 odd rooms. While the bridge was indeed an amazing wonder in this setting it appeared incongruous, causing Pope to comment:

"the minnows, as under this vast arch they pass murmur, how like whales we look, thanks to your Grace"

Another of Vanbrugh's schemes was the great parterre, nearly half a mile long and as wide as the south front. Also in the park completed after the 1st Duke's death is the column of Victory. It is 134 FT high, it terminated a great avenue of elms leading to the palace, these were planted in the positions of Marlborough's troops at the Battle of Blenheim. Vanbrugh had wanted an obelisk to mark the site of the former royal manor, and the trysts of Henry II which had taken place there, causing the 1st Duchess to remark "If there were obelisks to bee made of all what our Kings have done of that sort, the counterey would bee stuffed with very odd things" (sic). The obelisk was never realised.

Following the 1st Duke's death the Duchess concentrated most of her considerable energies on the completion of the palace itself, and the park remained relatively unchanged until the arrival of Capability Brown in 1764. The 4th Duke employed Brown who immediately began a scheme to naturalize and enhance the landscape, with tree planting, and man made undulations, however the feature for which he is forever associated with is the lake, by damming the River Glyme he created the huge stretch of water, the river flowing in and out of it was ornamented by a series of cascades. The lake was narrowed at the point of Vanbrugh's grand bridge but the three small canal like streams trickling underneath it were completely absorbed by one river like stretch. Brown's great achievement though at this point was to actually flood and submerge beneath the water level the lower stories and rooms of the bridge itself, thus reducing its incongruous height, and achieving what is regarded by many as the epitome of an English landscape. Brown also grassed over the great parterre and the Great Court. The latter was repaved by Duchene in the early 20th century. The 5th Duke was responsible for several other garden follies and novelties such as the swivelling bolder, which would suddenly roll across a path, to supposedly thrill the walker.

Sir William Chambers assisted by John Yenn were responsible for the small summerhouse known as "The Temple of Diana" down by the lake, where in 1908 Winston Churchill proposed to his future wife. However the ornamental gardens close to the palace seen today, the Italian and water gardens, are entirely the design of Duchene and the 9th Duke.

Failing fortunes

On the death of the 1st Duke in 1722, as both his sons were dead, he was succeeded by his daughter Henrietta, this was an unusual succession, as it required special dispensation from the monarch, only sons can usually succeed to a title. Henrietta too died without an heir so the title passed to Marlborough's grandson Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, whose mother was Marlborough's second daughter Anne. The 1st Duke as a soldier was not a wealthy man, what fortune he possessed was largely used finishing the palace. In comparison with other British ducal families the Marlboroughs were not very wealthy.

They existed quite comfortably until the time of Charles, 5th Duke of Marlborough (1766 - 1840) a spendthrift. He considerably depleted the family's remaining fortune. He was eventually forced to sell other family estates, Blenheim was safe from him as it was entailed. This did not prevent him selling the Marlborough's Boccaccio for a mere £875, and his own library in over 4000 lots. On his death in 1840 he left the estate and family with large financial problems.

By the 1870s the Marlborough's were in severe financial trouble in 1875 the 7th Duke sold the “Marriage of Cupid and Psyche,” together with the famed Marlborough gems at auction for £10,000. However this was not enough to save the family. In 1880 the 7th Duke was forced to petition Parliament to break the protective entail on the Palace and its contents. This was achieved under the Blenheim Settled Estates Act of 1880 . The door was now open for wholesale dispersal of Blenheim and its contents. The first victim was the great Sunderland Library which was sold in 1882, such volumes as The Epistles of Horace," printed at Caen in 1480 and the works of Josephus, printed at Verona in 1648, the 18,000 volumes raised almost £60,000. The sales continued to denude the palace - Raphael’s “Ansidei Madonna” was sold for £70,000; Van Dyck’s equestrian painting of Charles I realised £17,500; and finally the "piece de resistance" of the collection Peter Paul Rubens, "Rubens, His Wife Helena Fourment, and Their Son Peter Paul" which had been given by the city of Brussels to the 1st Duke in 1704.

These vast amounts of money, huge by the standards of the day were as nothing to the size of the family debts, and the maintenance of the great palace. Land incomes and values further added to the family problems. When the 9th Duke inherited in 1892, the Spencer-Churchills were almost bankrupt.

The 9th Duke of Marlborough

Charles, 9th Duke of Marlborough (1871 - 1934) is the Duke who can be credited with saving both palace and the family. Inheriting the near bankrupt dukedom in 1892, he was forced to find a quick and drastic solution to the problems, prevented from by the strict diktats of late 19th century society from earning money, he was left with one solution, he had to marry it. in November 1896 he coldly and openly without love married the American railroad heiress and reknowned beauty Consuelo Vanderbilt. The marriage was celebrated following lengthy negotiations with her divorced parents, her mother was desperate to see her daughter a Duchess, and the bride's father paid for the privilege. The price was $2.5 million in railroad stock. The bride later claimed she had been locked in her room until she agreed to the marriage. On their wedding night Marlborough confessed to loving another.

The replenishing of Blenheim began on the honeymoon itself, with the replacement of the Marlborough gems. Tapestries, paintings and furniture were bough in Europe to fill the depleted palace. On their return the Duke began an exhaustive restoration and redecoration of the palace. The state rooms to the west of the saloon were redecorated in gilt boisserie in imitation of Versailles. Vanbrugh's subtle rivalry to Louis XIV's great palace was now completely undermined, as the interiors now became mere pastiches of those of the greater palace. While this redecoration may have been not without fault (the Duke later regretted them) other improvements were better received. On the west terrace the french landscape architect Achille Duchene was employed to create a water garden, on a second terrace below this were placed two great fountains in the style of Bernini. This terrace was decorated with sphinx said to have been modelled on Consuelo herself.

Inside the palace the staff was enlarged and smartened to suit a fabulously wealthy ducal household The inside staff was of approximately 40, while the outside staff numbered 50, this included the game-keeping staff of 12. Electricians for the newly installed wiring, carpenters, flower arrangers, and lodge keepers. A cricket professional to ensure the success and honour of the estate cricket team. The lodge keepers were dressed in black coats with sliver buttons and buff breeches, they also wore a cockaded top hats. The gamekeepers donned green velvet coats, brass buttons and black billycock hats.

Blenheim was once again a place of wonder and prestige. However, Consuelo was far from happy; she records many of her problems in her cynical and often less than candid biography "The Glitter and the Gold" In 1906 she shocked society and left her husband, they finally divorced in 1921. She subsequently married a Frenchman Jacques Balsan. She died in 1964 having lived to see her son Duke of Marlborough, frequently returning to Blenheim, the house she had hated and yet saved, albeit as the unwilling sacrifice.

After his divorce the Duke then married again a former friend of Consuelo, Gladys Deacon, another American, this eccentric lady was of an artistic disposition, and a painting of one of her eyes still remains on the ceiling of the great north portico. Before her marriage while staying with the Marlborough's she had caused a diplomatic incident by encouraging the young Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany to form an attachment, the prince had given her an heirloom ring, which the commbined diplomatic services of two empires were charged to recover. After her marriage Gladys was in the habit of dining with the Duke with a revolver by the side of her plate. Tiring of her the Duke was temporarily forced to close Blenheim, and turn off the utilities in order to drive her out. They subsequently separated but did not divorce. The Duke died in 1934, his last Duchess in 1977.

Blenheim today

The palace today remains the home of the Duke's of Marlborough, the present incumbant of the title is John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchhill, 11th Duke of Marlborough. Like his forebears he lives for part of the year in the palace, with his family occupying the same suite of rooms as the 1st Duke and Duchess.

Though the palace is today open to the public, and contains tourist attractions in the grounds, the atmosphere is still that of a mighty country house, which in essence it remains. The Spencer-Churchill family still dine on special occasions in the saloon, arownd the great silver centrepiece depicting the 1st Duke of Marlborough on horse back, that same piece that Consuelo Vanderbilt, a mere hundred years ago liked to call the "caché mari" (sic) because during dinner it conveniently hid her detested husband, across the table, from her view. The many residents of Blenheim have each left their mark on the palace, today it is as likely to be the set for a film, as a royal house party; yet is still manages to host both. It remains the tribute to the 1st Duke which both his wife and the architect Sir John Vanbrugh envisaged.

Blenheim on film

The following films have had scenes filmed at Blenheim Palace:-

• The Four Feathers
• Entrapment
• The Avengers
• Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham

References

• Cropplestone, Trewin (1963). World Architecture. Hamlyn
• Dal Lago, Adalbert (1966). Ville Antiche. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri
• Downes, Kerry (1987). Sir John Vanbrugh:A Biography. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
• Kerry Downes (1979). Hawksmoor Thames and Hudson, London.
• Mark Girouard (1978). Life in the English Country House Yale University
• Green, David (1982). Blenheim Palace. Oxford: Alden Press.
• Halliday, E. E. (1967). Cultural History of England. London: Thames and Hudson.
• Harlin, Robert (1969). Historic Houses. London: Condé Nast.
• Watkin, David (1979). English Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson.

See also

John Vanbrugh

Footnotes

• 1: When the Duchess came to build Marlborough House her London home in 1706, she employed Sir Christopher Wren. She later dismissed him too, because she felt that the contractors took advantage of him. She personally supervised the completion of the house. Marlborough House
• 2: This clocktower completed in 1710 at a cost of £1,435, was despised by the 1st Duchess, who referred to it: "A great thing where the Clock is, and which is Called a Tower of great Ornament" (sic)

External links

• Official website
• Article about Blenheim Palace from the Smithsonian